Interest is where the majority of a bank’s revenue comes from, and it is usually the least governed number in the building. Rate sheets live in spreadsheets. A change to prime becomes a manual sweep across every product that references it. The rate a customer was quoted, the rate that was disclosed, and the rate the core accrued against are three different systems of record that agree most of the time.
The failure is rarely dramatic. It looks like a mortgage priced off last quarter’s grid, an indexed rate that never picked up a rate move, or a promotional rate that quietly became permanent. Each one is small. Together they are a material and largely invisible drift between the pricing you decided on and the pricing you actually delivered.
And when the regulator or the auditor asks the obvious question, which is what was this rate on this date and who approved it, the answer takes weeks to assemble from email and file history.